Chapter 5

Your Credit History Explained

Posted on July 12, 2025 by Melissa Hart

What’s my credit history?

Your credit history describes how you use money. It shows things like:

  • how many loans and credit cards you have
  • how much money you owe
  • how long you’ve had credit
  • if you pay your bills on time

The three nationwide credit bureaus — Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion — collect this information and put it in your credit report.

Read Checking Your Credit Report to learn how to order your report for free.

Why is my credit history important?

Your credit history tells businesses how you handle money and pay your bills. Your credit history can affect whether you get a job, can rent an apartment, or get a credit card or loan. It also affects how much you’ll have to pay in interest to borrow money.

Positive information helps your credit. Positive information includes things like paying your bills on time and having low credit card balances. Negative information, like paying bills late, hurts your credit.

What if I don’t have a credit history?

You might not have a credit history if:

  • you’ve never had a credit card
  • you’ve never gotten a loan from a bank or credit union

Without a credit history, it can be harder to get a job, an apartment, or even a credit card.

What’s a credit score?

A credit score is a number that’s based on your credit history. Each nationwide credit bureau creates a different score. Your credit score will usually range between 300 and 850.

It costs money to find out your credit score. Sometimes a company might say the score is free. But you might find that you signed up for a service that checks your credit for you. Those services charge you every month. Some credit card companies, such as Discover Card, provide free credit score with your monthly statement.  

Before you pay any money, ask yourself if you need to see your credit score. You might not since if you know your credit history is good, your score will be good.

For more information, go to:

Your Credit History Explained | consumer.gov

Teaching Suggestions

  • Ask students if they have a credit history.  If so, have they checked what information does it contain?
  • What actions can be taken to build your credit history?

Discussion Questions

  1. What is credit history?  What does if describe?
  2. Why is it important to know about your credit history?
  3. What might be the consequences if you don’t have a credit history?
  4. What can you do to build and maintain your credit rating?
Categories: Chapter 5, Credit Cards, Credit Mistakes | Tags: | Leave a comment

Payday Loans and Cash Advances Explained

Posted on June 14, 2025 by Melissa Hart

Payday loans are loans for a small amount of money for a short time. They’re also called cash advances. Payday loans can be very expensive. Before you get a payday loan, look for other ways to borrow money.

How does a payday loan work?

  • Step 1: You give the lender a check for the money you want to borrow — plus the lender’s fees. OR you give the lender permission to take the loan amount and fees out of your bank, credit union, or prepaid card account.
  • Step 2: The lender gives you cash — minus the fees.
  • Step 3: You have to pay the lender back — usually two or four weeks later. If you don’t, the lender can cash the check or withdraw the money from your account.

Lenders have to tell you the cost of the loan in writing before you sign the loan agreement.

Make sure you understand how much the loan really costs in finance charges and annual percentage rate, or APR. The finance charge shows the cost of the loan in dollars. The APR shows how much it costs you to borrow the money for one year.

If you can, borrow only what you can pay back with your next paycheck.

What happens if I can’t pay the lender back?

It could cost you a lot more money.

If you can’t pay the lender back when the loan is due, they might let you borrow the money for two or four more weeks. This is called a rollover.

But to roll over the loan, you have to pay the fee that’s due, plus a new fee to extend the due date.

If you roll over the loan a few times, you could end up paying hundreds of dollars in fees. And you’ll still owe the original money you borrowed.

What other options do I have?

Before you decide to get a payday loan:

  • Ask for more time to pay your bills.
  • Try borrowing money from family or friends, a bank or credit union, or your credit card.
  • Talk to a credit counselor to get help.

For more information, click here.

Teaching Suggestions

  • If you need to borrow money, should you borrow from a relative or a friend?  Or, from a payday Lender?
  • Make a list of sources where you can get inexpensive and medium-priced loans.

Discussion Questions

  1. How does a payday loan work?
  2. Why is it important to explore other financing options before taking out a payday loan?
  3. What happens if you can’t pay the lender back on time?
Categories: Chapter 5, Credit Mistakes | Tags: | Leave a comment

Protect Your Social Security Number

Posted on March 15, 2025 by Melissa Hart

Identity theft is one of the fastest growing crimes in America. Scammers use your Social Security number (SSN) to get other personal information about you. They can use your SSN and your good credit to apply for more credit in your name. Then, when they use the credit cards and don’t pay the bills, it damages your credit. You may not find out that someone is using your SSN until you’re turned down for credit, or you begin to get calls from unknown creditors demanding payment for items you never bought.

 Your SSN is confidential.  The agency protects your SSN and keeps your records confidential and it does not give your number to anyone, except when authorized by law. You should be careful about sharing your number, even when you’re asked for it. You should ask why your number is needed, how it’ll be used, and what will happen if you refuse. The answers to these questions can help you decide if you want to give out your SSN.

How might someone steal your SSN? Scammers get your personal information by:

• Stealing wallets, purses, and your mail (bank and credit card statements, preapproved credit offers, new checks, and tax information).
  • Stealing personal information you provide to an unsecured site online, from business or personnel records at work, and personal information in your home.
• Rummaging through your trash, the trash of businesses, and public trash dumps for personal data.
• Buying personal information from “inside” sources. For example, a scammer may pay a store employee for information about you that appears on an application for goods, services, or credit.
• Posing by phone, email, text, or direct messages in social media as someone who legitimately needs information about you, such as employers, landlords, or government agencies.

For more information, click here.

Teaching Suggestions

  • Ask students to make a list of actions they can take to protect their Social Security number.
  • Ask students if they or their family members have their Social Security number stolen.  What was the outcome and how they might be protecting their number now?

 Discussion Questions

  1. Why is it important to protect your Social Security number?
  2. How most people discover that their Social Security number has been stolen?  What should they do?
Categories: Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Identity Theft | Tags: , , | Leave a comment

Plan ahead for the New Year

Posted on February 15, 2025 by Melissa Hart

For many, December means spending lots of money on presents, food, travel, and other things to get you through the end of the year. And after we stretch our wallets, January’s often for taking stock and planning for the year to come.

If that’s true for you, here are some things to hopefully save you time as you transition from holiday festivities to financial goals in the New Year.

Are you:

Looking for more? The FTC’s consumer.gov site has tools to help you in the New Year and beyond. Get the basics on these and other topics like avoiding scams and identity theft at consumer.gov in English, Spanish, Chinese (Simplified), Korean, and Vietnamese. You’ll also find videos and free, one-page handouts to share in your community. 

For more information, click here.

Teaching Suggestions:

  • Ask students to get their free credit reports from Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion, and sign up for free credit monitoring with Credit Sesame or Credit Karma.
  • Ask students to list the main steps in creating a budget.  What are commonly recommended qualities of a successful budget?

Discussion Questions:

  1.  Why is it important to check your credit reports regularly?
  2.  What are the most frequent reasons for indebtedness?
  3.  What are common danger signals of potential debt problems?
Categories: Budget, Chapter 2, Chapter 5, Credit Cards, Credit Scores, Debt | Tags: , , , | Leave a comment

How to recover from identity theft

Posted on December 21, 2024 by Melissa Hart

   You hoped the day would never come when you learned someone used your personal information to open new credit accounts in your name. But it did. So now what? Act fast. It can help reduce the damage identity theft can cause. Here’s how to get started.

Step 1: Call the companies where you know fraud occurred.

  • Call the fraud department. Explain that someone stole your identity.
  • Ask them to close or freeze the accounts. Then, no one can add new charges unless you agree.
  • Change logins, passwords, and PINs for your accounts.

Step 2: Place a fraud alert and get your credit reports — even if you already have a credit freeze in place. (If you haven’t frozen your credit, do that, too.) When you have a fraud alert on your credit report, a business has to verify your identity before it opens a new credit account in your name. A fraud alert lasts one year, but you can renew it.

  • Place a free, one-year fraud alert by contacting one of the three credit bureaus. That company must tell the other two.
  • To get your report, call Annual Credit Report at 877-322-8228, or go to AnnualCreditReport.com. Federal law gives you the right to get a free copy of your credit report every 12 months from each of the three nationwide credit bureaus. The three bureaus also let you check your credit report once a week for free at AnnualCreditReport.com. Review your reports. Looks for accounts or transactions you don’t recognize.

Step 3: Report identity theft to the FTC. You’ll get a free personal recovery plan with next steps.

  • To report in English, go to IdentityTheft.gov
  • To report in Spanish, go to RobodeIdentidad.gov
  • If you’re more comfortable reporting in another language, call 877-438-4338 and press 3 to report in your preferred language. Interpreters are available from 9:00am – 5:00pm ET.

For more information, click here.

Teaching Suggestions:

  • List the steps you should take to prevent an identity thief to steal your personal information.
  • Ask students to get their free credit report from Annual Credit Report, or call 877-322-8228. Review your reports to look for accounts or transactions you don’t recognize.

Discussion Questions:

  1. If someone has stolen your identity, what are the three actions you must take immediately?
  2. What is the difference between a credit freeze and a fraud alert?
Categories: Chapter 5, Identity Theft | Tags: | Leave a comment

RENT-TO-OWN A CAR

Posted on December 7, 2024 by Melissa Hart

For people who can’t qualify for a conventional auto loan or leasing, rent-to-own may be an option. This financing plan allows a person to rent a car with a portion of the payment going toward the purchase of the vehicle. 

The main benefits of a rent-to-own program for buying a car are no credit checks along with the opportunity to own the vehicle at the end of the rental term.  However, several drawbacks of this car-buying option usually include:

  • a higher total cost for the vehicle than for other used cars because of mark-ups for paying over time
  • requirement of a down payment
  • no warranty on the vehicle
  • more frequent payments, usually weekly or bi-weekly instead of monthly; this increases the chance of a late payment
  • may be charged a fee for late payments
  • ownership does not occur until payments are completed

Also beware of an early termination fee, which may be in the rent-to-own contract. If the car needs many repairs before the completion of payments, you might decide to end the rental. This action might result in loss of your down payment and other charges. 

Another option for a person with a poor credit history is a subprime loan; however, this would have a higher rate and result in paying several thousand dollars more in interest over the loan term. Instead of a rent-to-own car deal, become a credit union member, which may allow you to obtain an auto loan at a more favorable interest rate.  

For additional information on rent-to-own car programs, click here.

Teaching Suggestions

  • Have students talk to others to learn about actions they took to finance the purchase of a car.
  • Have students research current rates for financing a car purchase.

Discussion Questions 

  1. Why might a person avoid using a rent-to-own car buying option?
  2. Describe actions for avoiding a rent-to-own car buying option.   
Categories: Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Purchasing Strategies, Wise Shopping | Tags: , | Leave a comment

CREDIT DENIED?

Posted on August 17, 2024 by Melissa Hart

Did you apply for credit and get turned down? Or did a lender offer you less favorable terms for credit? If so, they have to give you a notice with certain information. Improving your credit may take some time, but taking some steps will help you do it.

How to improve your credit? If your report is accurate but you want to improve your credit:

  • Know how to find legitimate help. A reputable credit counseling organization will spend time discussing your entire financial situation with you before coming up with a personalized plan to handle your money problems. They won’t promise to fix all your problems or ask you to pay before doing anything.
  • Know what negatively impacts your credit score.
    • Paying bills late. If you think you might be late on a bill, call the company you owe money to. Explain that you’re having trouble paying your bill and ask for a payment plan.
    • Keeping balances high. Credit scoring models look at how close you are to being “maxed out,” so try to keep your balances low compared to your total credit limit. Check your credit card limits — and pay down your balances, if you can. If the creditor says you were denied credit or more favorable rates because you’re too near your credit limits on your credit cards, you may want to reapply after you pay down your balances.
    • Frequent credit applications. Many scoring models look to see if you’ve applied for credit recently. If you’ve applied for too many new accounts, or taken out large amounts of new credit, it could hurt your score.

For More Information, click here.

Teaching Suggestions

  • Have students talk to others to determine how they first established credit.
  • Ask students to make a list of actions they can take to improve their credit.

Discussion Questions

  1. What factors can affect whether you can get credit, as well as the price you pay to get it?
  2. Should you hire a credit repair company to help you fix mistakes in your credit report? Or, can you do it for yourself at little or no cost?
Categories: Chapter 5, Credit Scores, Wise Shopping | Tags: , | Leave a comment

PRICE COMPLEXITY FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES

Posted on July 20, 2024 by Melissa Hart

Many bank accounts, credit cards, mortgages, and auto loans have add-on fees to confuse consumers resulting in higher amounts paid for these services. A recent experiment conducted by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) was designed to study these fees. The research results suggested that consumers pay more when prices are separated into multiple fees with a complex pricing structure.  

While the study may not exactly reflect real-world transactions, the CFPB study indicated that more complex pricing mostly led to more expensive outcomes. Key findings included: (1) higher total prices with sub-prices than one total price; and (2) difficulty in comparing prices among different financial-service providers.

The fees and charges that consumers may encounter with financial services include:

  • Credit cards are affected by interest rates, late fees, balance transfer fees, annual fees, cash advance fees, and foreign exchange fees. Cards with introductory 0% APR periods are usually followed by much higher APRs. Credit card reward programs often have varied methods for earning points and redemption rules.
  • Checking and savings accounts can have monthly maintenance fees, minimum balance fees, overdraft fees, and wire transfer fees; complex tiered interest rates based on account balances; and “free” checking accounts” may require minimum balances, recurring direct deposits, or other restrictions.
  • Mortgages are available with a wide range of interest rates, fees, and terms affected by loan type, credit score, down payment, and closing costs.
  • Auto loans will have varied interest rates based on a credit score, loan term, down payment, and vehicle type. Lenders may offer promotional rates or cash-back incentives, or add-on products such as extended warranties, gap insurance, and credit life insurance.

To guide wise use of financial services, be sure to: (1) ask for a total cost with clear information of what is included; (2) compare different financial-service providers, including banks, credit unions, and FinTech companies; (3)Bottom of Form search for no- or low-minimum balance checking accounts and no-fee credit cards; (4) use ATMs in your bank’s network; and (5) avoid overdraft charges by linking your checking account to savings.

For additional information on complexity of financial service fees, go to:

Link #1

Link #2

Teaching Suggestions

  • Have students talk to others to learn about their experiences with high fees for various financial services.
  • Have students conduct online research to compare fees and restrictions for various financial services at banks, credit unions, and other financial-service providers.

Discussion Questions 

  1. When selecting a financial service, what factors would you consider when making your final choice?
  2. What actions can a person take to avoid high banking fees?
Categories: Bank Fees, Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Chapter 7, Credit Cards, Financial Services, Financing a Home, Home Buying | Leave a comment

CFPB Report Finds Many College-Sponsored Financial Products Charge High and Unusual Fees

Posted on April 27, 2024 by Melissa Hart

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) issued a report in December 2023 highlighting that many college-sponsored financial products have higher fees and worse terms and conditions compared to typical market products. The CFPB report identifies college-sponsored deposit accounts with fees above prevailing market rates, which institutions are required to consider under Department of Education rules designed to protect students’ interests.

Many colleges offer sponsored and co-branded financial products to students and alumni, such as deposit accounts, credit cards, and prepaid cards. Students may be likely to accept their school’s recommendation of a bank account or credit card when they arrive on campus, meaning that colleges and their financial institution partners may not face competitive pressure to lower fees or provide low-cost products. These arrangements can be lucrative for schools, as financial institutions pay tens of millions of dollars every year to colleges and universities, including flat-fee marketing deals and per-signup kickbacks.

In 2022, the CFPB’s College Banking and Credit Card Agreements report described the high fees charged on student banking products endorsed by colleges. The report made clear that financial institutions and colleges may be steering students into expensive financial products. Today’s report found that many colleges continue to employ marketing strategies that may mislead students into accepting products that may not be the best choice for them. Among the student risks identified in today’s report:

  • Colleges’ financial product partners may charge students high or atypical fees: Although most of the largest banks have moved away from charging overdraft and non-sufficient funds (NSF) fees in recent years, some of the sponsored deposit accounts in the report do charge students those fees. Thus, students who follow their school’s advice may be steered into accounts that cost them much more than what they would pay in the open market.
  • Fees paid by students often vary by institution type: The average fee burden varies by the type of institution. The report finds that accountholders at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), for-profit colleges, and Hispanic-servicing institutions (HSIs) all pay higher-than-average fees per account.
  • Students face unexpected fees at graduation: Some financial institutions impose additional fees when a student graduates or reaches a certain age, relying on “sunset” clauses in the products’ terms and conditions. Students who sign up for a product marketed as free may thus end up being charged monthly maintenance fees, or overdraft and NSF fees they did not anticipate.

The report notes that the CFPB will continue to examine these practices and identify possible violations of federal consumer financial protection laws.

For more information, click here.


Teaching Suggestions

  1. Ask students if they use college-sponsored and co-branded credit card (s).  If so, what has been their experience?
  2. Is it ethical for colleges and universities to promote college-sponsored financial products? Make a list of pros and cons.

Discussion Questions

  1. Why do many college-sponsored financial products have higher fees and worse terms and conditions compared to typical market products?
  2. Should colleges take a hard look at the fees and terms of the products they pitch to their students and alumni?  Why or why not?
Categories: Chapter 5, Credit Cards | Tags: , | Leave a comment

DANGERS OF DEBIT CARD USE

Posted on March 2, 2024 by Melissa Hart

Debit cards do not provide the same protection as credit cards when lost or stolen. As a result, money experts recommend not using a debit card in these situations:

  • When buying airline tickets; if the airline goes out of business, you may have no recourse for a refund.
  • Non-bank ATMs are more likely to have skimmers that steal debit card information.
  • When making a gas station purchase a hold may be put on funds in your bank account, which could result in Bottom of Forman overdrawn balance when trying to make other purchases.
  • Use a credit card for online buying for stronger legal protection to dispute a charge.
  • In restaurants with high turnover, a dishonest employee may get access to your card number; again, a credit card provides more protection.
  • When buying appliances a credit card may give you an extra warranty, which would not be

available with a debit card.

With a debit card you can be responsible for up to $50 of unauthorized transactions if you report a lost or stolen card within two business days. Then, your liability can be as high as $500 for fraudulent charges if you don’t report the situation within 60 days after receiving your statement.  After that, you have the potential of unlimited losses for unauthorized use of your debit card.  In contrast, with a credit card, you are not responsible for unauthorized charges of more than $50.

Consider only using your debit card to withdraw cash to make purchases. Since not everyone will take a cash-only approach to control spending, there is another action to protect yourself. Use a second checking account for your debit card. Fund this second account only with money that you plan to use for debit card activity. Then, in case of a lost card or fraud, you would only lose the smaller amount kept in that second account with your main checking account not at risk. 

For additional information on debit cards, click here.

Teaching Suggestions

  • Have students survey several people to determine common uses of debit cards.
  • Have students create a podcast to warn others of the dangers associated with debit cards.  

Discussion Questions 

  1. Why should consumers become more aware of the potential dangers of debit cards?
  2. What actions do you take to protect your debit and credit cards?
Categories: Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Credit Cards, Debit Cards | Tags: , , | Leave a comment

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